Antenna systems with both single-ended and differential signal feeds

ABSTRACT

Antenna systems with both single-ended and differential signal feeds are provided herein. In certain embodiments, a mobile device includes a front end system including a first radio frequency signal conditioning circuit configured to condition a first radio frequency signal that is single-ended and of a first frequency, and a second radio frequency signal conditioning circuit configured to condition a second radio frequency signal that is differential and of a second frequency. The mobile device further includes an antenna including a first signal feed connected to the first radio frequency signal conditioning circuit and a pair of second signal feeds connected to the second radio frequency signal conditioning circuit.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 ofU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/200,748, filed Mar. 25, 2021and titled “POWER AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS WITH ANTENNA USING SINGLE-ENDEDDRIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL DRIVE,” which is herein incorporated by referencein its entirety.

BACKGROUND Field

Embodiments of the invention relate to electronic systems, and inparticular, to radio frequency (RF) electronics.

Description of the Related Technology

Radio frequency (RF) communication systems wirelessly communicate RFsignals using antennas.

Examples of RF communication systems that utilize antennas forcommunication include, but are not limited to mobile phones, tablets,base stations, network access points, laptops, and wearable electronics.RF signals have a frequency in the range from about 30 kHz to 300 GHz,for instance, in the range of about 400 MHz to about 7.125 GHz forFrequency Range 1 (FR1) of the Fifth Generation (5G) communicationstandard or in the range of about 24.250 GHz to about 71.000 GHz forFrequency Range 2 (FR2) of the 5G communication standard.

SUMMARY

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a mobiledevice. The mobile device includes a front end system including a firstradio frequency signal conditioning circuit configured to condition afirst radio frequency signal that is single-ended and of a firstfrequency, and a second radio frequency signal conditioning circuitconfigured to condition a second radio frequency signal that isdifferential and of a second frequency. The mobile device furtherincludes an antenna including a first signal feed connected to the firstradio frequency signal conditioning circuit and a pair of second signalfeeds connected to the second radio frequency signal conditioningcircuit.

In various embodiments, the first frequency is harmonically related tothe second frequency. According to a number of embodiments, the firstfrequency and the second frequency are related by an even harmonic.

In several embodiments, the antenna includes a patch antenna elementincluding both the first signal feed and the pair of second signalfeeds.

In some embodiments, the antenna includes a first patch antenna elementincluding the first signal feed and a second patch antenna elementcoupled to the first patch antenna element and including the pair ofsecond signal feeds.

In various embodiments, the first signal conditioning circuit includes alow noise amplifier configured to receive the first radio frequencysignal from the first signal feed of the antenna, and the second signalconditioning circuit includes a power amplifier configured to providethe second radio frequency signal to the pair of second signal feeds ofthe antenna.

In some embodiments, the first signal conditioning circuit includes apower amplifier configured to provide the first radio frequency signalto the first signal feed of the antenna, and the second signalconditioning circuit includes a low noise amplifier configured toreceive the second radio frequency signal from the pair of second signalfeeds of the antenna.

In several embodiments, the mobile device further includes an antennaarray including the antenna, the front end system further including afirst plurality of signal conditioning circuits including the firstsignal conditioning circuit and a second plurality of signalconditioning circuits including the second signal conditioning circuit,the first plurality of signal conditioning circuits configured toprovide beamforming on the first frequency and the second plurality ofsignal conditioning circuits configured to provide beamforming on thesecond frequency.

In various embodiments, the front end system further includes a firstcontrollable gain and phase adjustment circuit configured to control again and a phase of the first radio frequency signal, and a secondcontrollable gain and phase adjustment circuit configured to control again and a phase of the second radio frequency signal.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to an antennasystem for a mobile device. The antenna system includes a first radiofrequency signal conditioning circuit configured to condition a firstradio frequency signal that is single-ended and of a first frequency, asecond radio frequency signal conditioning circuit configured tocondition second radio frequency signal that is differential and of asecond frequency, and an antenna including a first signal feed connectedto the first radio frequency signal conditioning circuit and a pair ofsecond signal feeds connected to the second radio frequency signalconditioning circuit.

In various embodiments, the first frequency is harmonically related tothe second frequency. In a number of embodiments, the first frequencyand the second frequency are related by an even harmonic.

In several embodiments, the antenna includes a patch antenna elementincluding both the first signal feed and the pair of second signalfeeds.

In some embodiments, the antenna includes a first patch antenna elementincluding the first signal feed and a second patch antenna elementcoupled to the first patch antenna element and including the pair ofsecond signal feeds.

In various embodiments, the first signal conditioning circuit includes alow noise amplifier configured to receive the first radio frequencysignal from the first signal feed of the antenna, and the second signalconditioning circuit includes a power amplifier configured to providethe second radio frequency signal to the pair of second signal feeds ofthe antenna.

In some embodiments, the first signal conditioning circuit includes apower amplifier configured to provide the first radio frequency signalto the first signal feed of the antenna, and the second signalconditioning circuit includes a low noise amplifier configured toreceive the second radio frequency signal from the pair of second signalfeeds of the antenna.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method ofwireless communication in a mobile device. The method includesconditioning a first radio frequency signal that is single-ended and ofa first frequency using a first radio frequency signal conditioningcircuit, conditioning a second radio frequency signal that isdifferential and of a second frequency using a second radio frequencysignal conditioning circuit, handling the first radio frequency signalusing a first signal feed of an antenna, and handling the second radiofrequency signal using a pair of second signal feeds of the antenna.

In various embodiments, the first frequency is harmonically related tothe second frequency.

In several embodiments, the method further includes simultaneouslytransmitting the first radio frequency signal and receiving the secondradio frequency signal.

In some embodiments, the method further includes simultaneouslyreceiving the first radio frequency signal and transmitting the secondradio frequency signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one example of a communication network.

FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of one example of a communication linkusing carrier aggregation.

FIG. 2B illustrates various examples of uplink carrier aggregation forthe communication link of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2C illustrates various examples of downlink carrier aggregation forthe communication link of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of one example of a downlink channelusing multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) communications.

FIG. 3B is schematic diagram of one example of an uplink channel usingMIMO communications.

FIG. 3C is schematic diagram of another example of an uplink channelusing MIMO communications.

FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of one example of a communication systemthat operates with beamforming.

FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram of one example of beamforming to providea transmit beam.

FIG. 4C is a schematic diagram of one example of beamforming to providea receive beam.

FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of an antenna system according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of an antenna system according to anotherembodiment.

FIG. 5C is a schematic diagram of an antenna system according to anotherembodiment.

FIG. 5D is a schematic diagram of an antenna system according to anotherembodiment.

FIG. 5E is a schematic diagram of an antenna system according to anotherembodiment.

FIG. 5F is a schematic diagram of an antenna system according to anotherembodiment.

FIG. 5G is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an antenna array foran antenna system.

FIG. 5H is a schematic diagram of an antenna system according to anotherembodiment.

FIG. 6A is a perspective view of one embodiment of a module thatoperates with beamforming.

FIG. 6B is a cross-section of the module of FIG. 6A taken along thelines 6B-6B.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a mobile device.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a power amplifier system according toone embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The following detailed description of certain embodiments presentsvarious descriptions of specific embodiments. However, the innovationsdescribed herein can be embodied in a multitude of different ways, forexample, as defined and covered by the claims. In this description,reference is made to the drawings where like reference numerals canindicate identical or functionally similar elements. It will beunderstood that elements illustrated in the figures are not necessarilydrawn to scale. Moreover, it will be understood that certain embodimentscan include more elements than illustrated in a drawing and/or a subsetof the elements illustrated in a drawing. Further, some embodiments canincorporate any suitable combination of features from two or moredrawings.

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agencyof the United Nations (UN) responsible for global issues concerninginformation and communication technologies, including the shared globaluse of radio spectrum.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration betweengroups of telecommunications standard bodies across the world, such asthe Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB), theTelecommunications Technology Committee (TTC), the China CommunicationsStandards Association (CCSA), the Alliance for TelecommunicationsIndustry Solutions (ATIS), the Telecommunications Technology Association(TTA), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), andthe Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI).

Working within the scope of the ITU, 3GPP develops and maintainstechnical specifications for a variety of mobile communicationtechnologies, including, for example, second generation (2G) technology(for instance, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) andEnhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)), third generation (3G)technology (for instance, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)), and fourth generation (4G)technology (for instance, Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced).

The technical specifications controlled by 3GPP can be expanded andrevised by specification releases, which can span multiple years andspecify a breadth of new features and evolutions.

In one example, 3GPP introduced carrier aggregation (CA) for LTE inRelease 10. Although initially introduced with two downlink carriers,3GPP expanded carrier aggregation in Release 14 to include up to fivedownlink carriers and up to three uplink carriers. Other examples of newfeatures and evolutions provided by 3GPP releases include, but are notlimited to, License Assisted Access (LAA), enhanced LAA (eLAA),Narrowband Internet of things (NB-IOT), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), andHigh Power User Equipment (HPUE).

3GPP introduced Phase 1 of fifth generation (5G) technology in Release15, and plans to introduced Phase 2 of 5G technology in Release 16.Subsequent 3GPP releases will further evolve and expand 5G technology.5G technology is also referred to herein as 5G New Radio (NR).

5G NR supports or plans to support a variety of features, such ascommunications over millimeter wave spectrum, beamforming capability,high spectral efficiency waveforms, low latency communications, multipleradio numerology, and/or non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). Althoughsuch RF functionalities offer flexibility to networks and enhance userdata rates, supporting such features can pose a number of technicalchallenges.

The teachings herein are applicable to a wide variety of communicationsystems, including, but not limited to, communication systems usingadvanced cellular technologies, such as LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro,and/or 5G NR.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one example of a communication network10. The communication network 10 includes a macro cell base station 1, asmall cell base station 3, and various examples of user equipment (UE),including a first mobile device 2 a, a wireless-connected car 2 b, alaptop 2 c, a stationary wireless device 2 d, a wireless-connected train2 e, a second mobile device 2 f, and a third mobile device 2 g.

Although specific examples of base stations and user equipment areillustrated in FIG. 1, a communication network can include base stationsand user equipment of a wide variety of types and/or numbers.

For instance, in the example shown, the communication network 10includes the macro cell base station 1 and the small cell base station3. The small cell base station 3 can operate with relatively lowerpower, shorter range, and/or with fewer concurrent users relative to themacro cell base station 1. The small cell base station 3 can also bereferred to as a femtocell, a picocell, or a microcell. Although thecommunication network 10 is illustrated as including two base stations,the communication network 10 can be implemented to include more or fewerbase stations and/or base stations of other types.

Although various examples of user equipment are shown, the teachingsherein are applicable to a wide variety of user equipment, including,but not limited to, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, IoT devices,wearable electronics, customer premises equipment (CPE),wireless-connected vehicles, wireless relays, and/or a wide variety ofother communication devices. Furthermore, user equipment includes notonly currently available communication devices that operate in acellular network, but also subsequently developed communication devicesthat will be readily implementable with the inventive systems,processes, methods, and devices as described and claimed herein.

The illustrated communication network 10 of FIG. 1 supportscommunications using a variety of cellular technologies, including, forexample, 4G LTE and 5G NR. In certain implementations, the communicationnetwork 10 is further adapted to provide a wireless local area network(WLAN), such as WiFi. Although various examples of communicationtechnologies have been provided, the communication network 10 can beadapted to support a wide variety of communication technologies.

Various communication links of the communication network 10 have beendepicted in FIG. 1. The communication links can be duplexed in a widevariety of ways, including, for example, using frequency-divisionduplexing (FDD) and/or time-division duplexing (TDD). FDD is a type ofradio frequency communications that uses different frequencies fortransmitting and receiving signals. FDD can provide a number ofadvantages, such as high data rates and low latency. In contrast, TDD isa type of radio frequency communications that uses about the samefrequency for transmitting and receiving signals, and in which transmitand receive communications are switched in time. TDD can provide anumber of advantages, such as efficient use of spectrum and variableallocation of throughput between transmit and receive directions.

In certain implementations, user equipment can communicate with a basestation using one or more of 4G LTE, 5G NR, and WiFi technologies. Incertain implementations, enhanced license assisted access (eLAA) is usedto aggregate one or more licensed frequency carriers (for instance,licensed 4G LTE and/or 5G NR frequencies), with one or more unlicensedcarriers (for instance, unlicensed WiFi frequencies).

As shown in FIG. 1, the communication links include not onlycommunication links between UE and base stations, but also UE to UEcommunications and base station to base station communications. Forexample, the communication network 10 can be implemented to supportself-fronthaul and/or self-backhaul (for instance, as between mobiledevice 2 g and mobile device 2 f).

The communication links can operate over a wide variety of frequencies.In certain implementations, communications are supported using 5G NRtechnology over one or more frequency bands that are less than 6Gigahertz (GHz) and/or over one or more frequency bands that are greaterthan 6 GHz. For example, the communication links can serve FrequencyRange 1 (FR1), Frequency Range 2 (FR2), or a combination thereof. In oneembodiment, one or more of the mobile devices support a HPUE power classspecification.

In certain implementations, a base station and/or user equipmentcommunicates using beamforming. For example, beamforming can be used tofocus signal strength to overcome path losses, such as high lossassociated with communicating over high signal frequencies. In certainembodiments, user equipment, such as one or more mobile phones,communicate using beamforming on millimeter wave frequency bands in therange of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and/or upper centimeter wave frequencies inthe range of 6 GHz to 30 GHz, or more particularly, 24 GHz to 30 GHz.Cellular user equipment can communicate using beamforming and/or othertechniques over a wide range of frequencies, including, for example,FR2-1 (24 GHz to 52 GHz), FR2-2 (52 GHz to 71 GHz), and/or FR1 (400 MHzto 7125 MHz).

Different users of the communication network 10 can share availablenetwork resources, such as available frequency spectrum, in a widevariety of ways.

In one example, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) is used todivide a frequency band into multiple frequency carriers. Additionally,one or more carriers are allocated to a particular user. Examples ofFDMA include, but are not limited to, single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) andorthogonal FDMA (OFDMA). OFDMA is a multicarrier technology thatsubdivides the available bandwidth into multiple mutually orthogonalnarrowband subcarriers, which can be separately assigned to differentusers.

Other examples of shared access include, but are not limited to, timedivision multiple access (TDMA) in which a user is allocated particulartime slots for using a frequency resource, code division multiple access(CDMA) in which a frequency resource is shared amongst different usersby assigning each user a unique code, space-divisional multiple access(SDMA) in which beamforming is used to provide shared access by spatialdivision, and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in which the powerdomain is used for multiple access. For example, NOMA can be used toserve multiple users at the same frequency, time, and/or code, but withdifferent power levels.

Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) refers to technology for growing systemcapacity of LTE networks. For example, eMBB can refer to communicationswith a peak data rate of at least 10 Gbps and a minimum of 100 Mbps foreach user. Ultra-reliable low latency communications (uRLLC) refers totechnology for communication with very low latency, for instance, lessthan 2 milliseconds. uRLLC can be used for mission-criticalcommunications such as for autonomous driving and/or remote surgeryapplications. Massive machine-type communications (mMTC) refers to lowcost and low data rate communications associated with wirelessconnections to everyday objects, such as those associated with Internetof Things (IoT) applications.

The communication network 10 of FIG. 1 can be used to support a widevariety of advanced communication features, including, but not limitedto, eMBB, uRLLC, and/or mMTC.

FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of one example of a communication linkusing carrier aggregation. Carrier aggregation can be used to widenbandwidth of the communication link by supporting communications overmultiple frequency carriers, thereby increasing user data rates andenhancing network capacity by utilizing fragmented spectrum allocations.

In the illustrated example, the communication link is provided between abase station 21 and a mobile device 22. As shown in FIG. 2A, thecommunications link includes a downlink channel used for RFcommunications from the base station 21 to the mobile device 22, and anuplink channel used for RF communications from the mobile device 22 tothe base station 21.

Although FIG. 2A illustrates carrier aggregation in the context of FDDcommunications, carrier aggregation can also be used for TDDcommunications.

In certain implementations, a communication link can provideasymmetrical data rates for a downlink channel and an uplink channel.For example, a communication link can be used to support a relativelyhigh downlink data rate to enable high speed streaming of multimediacontent to a mobile device, while providing a relatively slower datarate for uploading data from the mobile device to the cloud.

In the illustrated example, the base station 21 and the mobile device 22communicate via carrier aggregation, which can be used to selectivelyincrease bandwidth of the communication link. Carrier aggregationincludes contiguous aggregation, in which contiguous carriers within thesame operating frequency band are aggregated. Carrier aggregation canalso be non-contiguous, and can include carriers separated in frequencywithin a common band or in different bands.

In the example shown in FIG. 2A, the uplink channel includes threeaggregated component carriers f_(UL1), f_(UL2), and f_(UL3).Additionally, the downlink channel includes five aggregated componentcarriers f_(DL1), f_(DL2), f_(DL3), f_(DL4), and f_(DL5). Although oneexample of component carrier aggregation is shown, more or fewercarriers can be aggregated for uplink and/or downlink. Moreover, anumber of aggregated carriers can be varied over time to achieve desireduplink and downlink data rates.

For example, a number of aggregated carriers for uplink and/or downlinkcommunications with respect to a particular mobile device can changeover time. For example, the number of aggregated carriers can change asthe device moves through the communication network and/or as networkusage changes over time.

FIG. 2B illustrates various examples of uplink carrier aggregation forthe communication link of FIG. 2A. FIG. 2B includes a first carrieraggregation scenario 31, a second carrier aggregation scenario 32, and athird carrier aggregation scenario 33, which schematically depict threetypes of carrier aggregation.

The carrier aggregation scenarios 31-33 illustrate different spectrumallocations for a first component carrier f_(UL1), a second componentcarrier f_(UL2), and a third component carrier f_(UL3). Although FIG. 2Bis illustrated in the context of aggregating three component carriers,carrier aggregation can be used to aggregate more or fewer carriers.Moreover, although illustrated in the context of uplink, the aggregationscenarios are also applicable to downlink.

The first carrier aggregation scenario 31 illustrates intra-bandcontiguous carrier aggregation, in which component carriers that areadjacent in frequency and in a common frequency band are aggregated. Forexample, the first carrier aggregation scenario 31 depicts aggregationof component carriers f_(UL1), f_(UL2), and f_(UL3) that are contiguousand located within a first frequency band BAND1.

With continuing reference to FIG. 2B, the second carrier aggregationscenario 32 illustrates intra-band non-continuous carrier aggregation,in which two or more components carriers that are non-adjacent infrequency and within a common frequency band are aggregated. Forexample, the second carrier aggregation scenario 32 depicts aggregationof component carriers f_(UL1), f_(UL2), and f_(UL3) that arenon-contiguous, but located within a first frequency band BAND1.

The third carrier aggregation scenario 33 illustrates inter-bandnon-contiguous carrier aggregation, in which component carriers that arenon-adjacent in frequency and in multiple frequency bands areaggregated. For example, the third carrier aggregation scenario 33depicts aggregation of component carriers f_(UL1) and f_(UL2) of a firstfrequency band BAND1 with component carrier f_(UL3) of a secondfrequency band BAND2.

FIG. 2C illustrates various examples of downlink carrier aggregation forthe communication link of FIG. 2A. The examples depict various carrieraggregation scenarios 34-38 for different spectrum allocations of afirst component carrier f_(DL1), a second component carrier f_(DL2), athird component carrier f_(DL3), a fourth component carrier f_(DL4), anda fifth component carrier f_(DL5). Although FIG. 2C is illustrated inthe context of aggregating five component carriers, carrier aggregationcan be used to aggregate more or fewer carriers. Moreover, althoughillustrated in the context of downlink, the aggregation scenarios arealso applicable to uplink.

The first carrier aggregation scenario 34 depicts aggregation ofcomponent carriers that are contiguous and located within the samefrequency band. Additionally, the second carrier aggregation scenario 35and the third carrier aggregation scenario 36 illustrates two examplesof aggregation that are non-contiguous, but located within the samefrequency band. Furthermore, the fourth carrier aggregation scenario 37and the fifth carrier aggregation scenario 38 illustrates two examplesof aggregation in which component carriers that are non-adjacent infrequency and in multiple frequency bands are aggregated. As a number ofaggregated component carriers increases, a complexity of possiblecarrier aggregation scenarios also increases.

With reference to FIGS. 2A-2C, the individual component carriers used incarrier aggregation can be of a variety of frequencies, including, forexample, frequency carriers in the same band or in multiple bands.Additionally, carrier aggregation is applicable to implementations inwhich the individual component carriers are of about the same bandwidthas well as to implementations in which the individual component carriershave different bandwidths.

Certain communication networks allocate a particular user device with aprimary component carrier (PCC) or anchor carrier for uplink and a PCCfor downlink. Additionally, when the mobile device communicates using asingle frequency carrier for uplink or downlink, the user devicecommunicates using the PCC. To enhance bandwidth for uplinkcommunications, the uplink PCC can be aggregated with one or more uplinksecondary component carriers (SCCs). Additionally, to enhance bandwidthfor downlink communications, the downlink PCC can be aggregated with oneor more downlink SCCs.

In certain implementations, a communication network provides a networkcell for each component carrier. Additionally, a primary cell canoperate using a PCC, while a secondary cell can operate using a SCC. Theprimary and secondary cells may have different coverage areas, forinstance, due to differences in frequencies of carriers and/or networkenvironment.

License assisted access (LAA) refers to downlink carrier aggregation inwhich a licensed frequency carrier associated with a mobile operator isaggregated with a frequency carrier in unlicensed spectrum, such asWiFi. LAA employs a downlink PCC in the licensed spectrum that carriescontrol and signaling information associated with the communicationlink, while unlicensed spectrum is aggregated for wider downlinkbandwidth when available. LAA can operate with dynamic adjustment ofsecondary carriers to avoid WiFi users and/or to coexist with WiFiusers. Enhanced license assisted access (eLAA) refers to an evolution ofLAA that aggregates licensed and unlicensed spectrum for both downlinkand uplink. Furthermore, NR-U can operate on top of LAA/eLAA over a 5GHz band (5150 to 5925 MHz) and/or a 6 GHz band (5925 MHz to 7125 MHz).

FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of one example of a downlink channelusing multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) communications. FIG. 3B isschematic diagram of one example of an uplink channel using MIMOcommunications.

MIMO communications use multiple antennas for simultaneouslycommunicating multiple data streams over common frequency spectrum. Incertain implementations, the data streams operate with differentreference signals to enhance data reception at the receiver. MIMOcommunications benefit from higher SNR, improved coding, and/or reducedsignal interference due to spatial multiplexing differences of the radioenvironment.

MIMO order refers to a number of separate data streams sent or received.For instance, MIMO order for downlink communications can be described bya number of transmit antennas of a base station and a number of receiveantennas for UE, such as a mobile device. For example, two-by-two (2×2)DL MIMO refers to MIMO downlink communications using two base stationantennas and two UE antennas. Additionally, four-by-four (4×4) DL MIMOrefers to MIMO downlink communications using four base station antennasand four UE antennas.

In the example shown in FIG. 3A, downlink MIMO communications areprovided by transmitting using M antennas 43 a, 43 b, 43 c, . . . 43 mof the base station 41 and receiving using N antennas 44 a, 44 b, 44 c,. . . 44 n of the mobile device 42. Accordingly, FIG. 3A illustrates anexample of m×n DL MIMO.

Likewise, MIMO order for uplink communications can be described by anumber of transmit antennas of UE, such as a mobile device, and a numberof receive antennas of a base station. For example, 2×2 UL MIMO refersto MIMO uplink communications using two UE antennas and two base stationantennas. Additionally, 4×4 UL MIMO refers to MIMO uplink communicationsusing four UE antennas and four base station antennas.

In the example shown in FIG. 3B, uplink MIMO communications are providedby transmitting using N antennas 44 a, 44 b, 44 c, . . . 44 n of themobile device 42 and receiving using M antennas 43 a, 43 b, 43 c, . . .43 m of the base station 41. Accordingly, FIG. 3B illustrates an exampleof n×m UL MIMO.

By increasing the level or order of MIMO, bandwidth of an uplink channeland/or a downlink channel can be increased.

MIMO communications are applicable to communication links of a varietyof types, such as FDD communication links and TDD communication links.

FIG. 3C is schematic diagram of another example of an uplink channelusing MIMO communications. In the example shown in FIG. 3C, uplink MIMOcommunications are provided by transmitting using N antennas 44 a, 44 b,44 c, . . . 44 n of the mobile device 42. Additional a first portion ofthe uplink transmissions are received using M antennas 43 a 1, 43 b 1,43 c 1, . . . 43 m 1 of a first base station 41 a, while a secondportion of the uplink transmissions are received using M antennas 43 a2, 43 b 2, 43 c 2, . . . 43 m 2 of a second base station 41 b.Additionally, the first base station 41 a and the second base station 41b communication with one another over wired, optical, and/or wirelesslinks.

The MIMO scenario of FIG. 3C illustrates an example in which multiplebase stations cooperate to facilitate MIMO communications.

FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of one example of a communication system110 that operates with beamforming. The communication system 110includes a transceiver 105, signal conditioning circuits 104 a 1, 104 a2 . . . 104 an, 104 b 1, 104 b 2 . . . 104 bn, 104 m 1, 104 m 2 . . .104 mn, and an antenna array 102 that includes antenna elements 103 a 1,103 a 2 . . . 103 an, 103 b 1, 103 b 2 . . . 103 bn, 103 m 1, 103 m 2 .. . 103 mn.

Communications systems that communicate using millimeter wave carriers(for instance, 30 GHz to 300 GHz), centimeter wave carriers (forinstance, 3 GHz to 30 GHz), and/or other frequency carriers can employan antenna array to provide beam formation and directivity fortransmission and/or reception of signals.

For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the communication system 110includes an array 102 of m×n antenna elements, which are each controlledby a separate signal conditioning circuit, in this embodiment. Asindicated by the ellipses, the communication system 110 can beimplemented with any suitable number of antenna elements and signalconditioning circuits.

With respect to signal transmission, the signal conditioning circuitscan provide transmit signals to the antenna array 102 such that signalsradiated from the antenna elements combine using constructive anddestructive interference to generate an aggregate transmit signalexhibiting beam-like qualities with more signal strength propagating ina given direction away from the antenna array 102.

In the context of signal reception, the signal conditioning circuitsprocess the received signals (for instance, by separately controllingreceived signal phases) such that more signal energy is received whenthe signal is arriving at the antenna array 102 from a particulardirection. Accordingly, the communication system 110 also providesdirectivity for reception of signals.

The relative concentration of signal energy into a transmit beam or areceive beam can be enhanced by increasing the size of the array. Forexample, with more signal energy focused into a transmit beam, thesignal is able to propagate for a longer range while providingsufficient signal level for RF communications. For instance, a signalwith a large proportion of signal energy focused into the transmit beamcan exhibit high effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP).

In the illustrated embodiment, the transceiver 105 provides transmitsignals to the signal conditioning circuits and processes signalsreceived from the signal conditioning circuits. As shown in FIG. 4A, thetransceiver 105 generates control signals for the signal conditioningcircuits. The control signals can be used for a variety of functions,such as controlling the gain and phase of transmitted and/or receivedsignals to control beamforming.

FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram of one example of beamforming to providea transmit beam. FIG. 4B illustrates a portion of a communication systemincluding a first signal conditioning circuit 114 a, a second signalconditioning circuit 114 b, a first antenna element 113 a, and a secondantenna element 113 b.

Although illustrated as included two antenna elements and two signalconditioning circuits, a communication system can include additionalantenna elements and/or signal conditioning circuits. For example, FIG.4B illustrates one embodiment of a portion of the communication system110 of FIG. 4A.

The first signal conditioning circuit 114 a includes a first phaseshifter 130 a, a first power amplifier 131 a, a first low noiseamplifier (LNA) 132 a, and switches for controlling selection of thepower amplifier 131 a or LNA 132 a. Additionally, the second signalconditioning circuit 114 b includes a second phase shifter 130 b, asecond power amplifier 131 b, a second LNA 132 b, and switches forcontrolling selection of the power amplifier 131 b or LNA 132 b.

Although one embodiment of signal conditioning circuits is shown, otherimplementations of signal conditioning circuits are possible. Forinstance, in one example, a signal conditioning circuit includes one ormore band filters, duplexers, and/or other components.

In the illustrated embodiment, the first antenna element 113 a and thesecond antenna element 113 b are separated by a distance d.Additionally, FIG. 4B has been annotated with an angle θ, which in thisexample has a value of about 90° when the transmit beam direction issubstantially perpendicular to a plane of the antenna array and a valueof about 0° when the transmit beam direction is substantially parallelto the plane of the antenna array.

By controlling the relative phase of the transmit signals provided tothe antenna elements 113 a, 113 b, a desired transmit beam angle θ canbe achieved. For example, when the first phase shifter 130 a has areference value of 0°, the second phase shifter 130 b can be controlledto provide a phase shift of about −2πf(d/v)cos θ radians, where f is thefundamental frequency of the transmit signal, d is the distance betweenthe antenna elements, v is the velocity of the radiated wave, and π isthe mathematic constant pi.

In certain implementations, the distance d is implemented to be about½λ, where λ is the wavelength of the fundamental component of thetransmit signal. In such implementations, the second phase shifter 130 bcan be controlled to provide a phase shift of about −π cos θ radians toachieve a transmit beam angle θ.

Accordingly, the relative phase of the phase shifters 130 a, 130 b canbe controlled to provide transmit beamforming. In certainimplementations, a baseband processor and/or a transceiver (for example,the transceiver 105 of FIG. 4A) controls phase values of one or morephase shifters and gain values of one or more controllable amplifiers tocontrol beamforming.

FIG. 4C is a schematic diagram of one example of beamforming to providea receive beam. FIG. 4C is similar to FIG. 4B, except that FIG. 4Cillustrates beamforming in the context of a receive beam rather than atransmit beam.

As shown in FIG. 4C, a relative phase difference between the first phaseshifter 130 a and the second phase shifter 130 b can be selected toabout equal to −2πf(d/v)cos θ radians to achieve a desired receive beamangle θ. In implementations in which the distance d corresponds to about½λ, the phase difference can be selected to about equal to −π cos θradians to achieve a receive beam angle θ.

Although various equations for phase values to provide beamforming havebeen provided, other phase selection values are possible, such as phasevalues selected based on implementation of an antenna array,implementation of signal conditioning circuits, and/or a radioenvironment.

FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of an antenna system 125 according to oneembodiment. The antenna system 125 includes a single-ended poweramplifier 121 a, a differential low noise amplifier 111 b, and anantenna 122.

The single-ended power amplifier 121 a amplifies an RF transmit inputsignal RF_(TXIN1) to generate an RF transmit output signal RF_(TXOUT1)of frequency F₁ that is provided to a signal feed 123 of the antenna 122for wireless transmission. The RF transmit output signal RF_(TXOUT1) issingle-ended. The single-ended power amplifier 121 a can be included aspart of a first signal conditioning circuit of an RF front end system.

With continuing reference to FIG. 5A, the differential low noiseamplifier 111 b amplifies an RF receive input signal RF_(RXIN2) receiveddifferentially between a signal feed 124 a and a signal feed 124 b ofthe antenna 122 to generate an RF receive output signal RF_(RXOUT2) offrequency F₂. The differential low noise amplifier 111 b can be includedas part of a second signal conditioning circuit of an RF front endsystem.

In this embodiment, the input of the power amplifier 121 a issingle-ended and the output of the low noise amplifier 111 b isdifferential. However, in other implementations the input of the poweramplifier 121 a is differential and/or the output of the low noiseamplifier 111 b is single-ended.

The antenna 122 is implemented for both single-ended transmission of theRF transmit output signal RF_(TXOUT1) of frequency F₁ and fordifferential reception of the RF receive input signal RF_(RXIN2) offrequency F₂. Transmission and reception can be overlapping in time (forexample, simultaneous) in some embodiments.

In certain implementations, the frequency F₁ and the frequency F₂ areharmonically related, for example, F₁ about equal to twice F₂ or F₂about equal to twice F₁. For example, for harmonically related cases inwhich the higher band (single-ended) is about twice the frequency of thelower band (differential), even harmonics are cancelled. Furthermore,other even-order harmonic relationships are possible, such as F₁ aboutequal to four times F₂ or F₂ about equal to four times F₁.

Accordingly, the antenna system 125 can be used to transmit in one bandand receive in the other band simultaneously, for instance, with thereceiver canceling the second harmonic (H2) of the lower bandtransmitter. In a first example, a single-ended receiver is used and adifferential transmitter is used with H2 cancelled at the source. Inanother example, a differential receiver at the higher band cancels thesingle-ended transmitter H2. Such H2 cancellations can be in additionalto selectivity provided by a low band transmit low-pass filter (LPF)and/or a high band receive high-pass filter (not shown in FIG. 5A).

In certain embodiments, the antenna 122 is a patch antenna that isimplemented (for instance, through selection of geometry and/ormetallization characteristics) to allow single-ended transmission atfrequency F₁ and differential reception at frequency F₂. For example, anantenna patch size can be proportional to the frequency of operation,and thus two (connected) patches can be operate differentially at onefrequency while single-ended at another frequency.

Implementing the antenna 122 with both single-ended and differentialfeeds achieves expanded frequency coverage. In one example, coverage ofa 60 GHz band (including F₁) and coverage of a 28 GHz band (includingF₂) is achieved. In another example, coverage of a 28 GHz band(including F₁) and coverage of a 60 GHz band (including F₂) is achieved.

Table 1 below depicts various examples of 5G frequency bands that can beharmonically related to one another and correspond to the frequencies F₁and F₂ in accordance with the teachings herein. In one example, F₁corresponds to one of n258 or n262, and F₂ corresponds to the other ofn258 or n262. In another example, F₁ corresponds to one of n257 or n263,and F₂ corresponds to the other of n257 or n263. In yet another example,F₁ corresponds to one of n261 or n263, and F₂ corresponds to the otherof n261 or n263. Although various examples of harmonically relatedfrequency bands have been described, other examples are possible.

TABLE 1 5G Frequency Band Duplex UL/DL Low UL/DL High Band Type [MHz][MHz] n257 TDD 26500 29500 n258 TDD 24250 27500 n259 TDD 39500 43500n260 TDD 37000 40000 n261 TDD 27500 28350 n262 TDD 47200 48200 n263 TDD57000 71000

FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of an antenna system 125′ according toanother embodiment.

The antenna system 125′ includes a single-ended low noise amplifier 111a, a differential power amplifier 121 b, and an antenna 122.

The single-ended low noise amplifier 111 a amplifies an RF receive inputsignal RF_(RXIN1) of frequency F₁ received from the signal feed 123 ofthe antenna 122 to generate an RF receive output signal RF_(RXOUT1). TheRF receive input signal RF_(RXIN1) is single-ended. The single-ended lownoise amplifier 111 a can be included as part of a first signalconditioning circuit of an RF front end system.

With continuing reference to FIG. 5B, the differential power amplifier121 b amplifies an RF transmit input signal RF_(TXIN2) of frequency F₂to generate an RF transmit output signal RF_(TXOUT2) provided to thesignal feeds 124 a/124 b of the antenna 122. The RF transmit outputsignal RF_(TXOUT2) is differential. The differential power amplifier 121b can be included as part of a second signal conditioning circuit of anRF front end system.

Although the output of the low noise amplifier 111 a is depicted assingle-ended, in other implementations the output of the low noiseamplifier 111 a is differential. Likewise, although the input of thepower amplifier 121 b is depicted as differential, in otherimplementations the input of the power amplifier 121 b is single-ended.

The antenna 122 is implemented for both single-ended reception of the RFreceive input signal RF_(RXIN1) of frequency F₁ and differentialtransmission of the RF transmit output signal RF_(TXOUT2) of frequencyF₂. Transmission and reception can be overlapping in time (for example,simultaneous) in some embodiments.

FIG. 5C is a schematic diagram of an antenna system 125″ according toanother embodiment.

The antenna system 125″ includes a single-ended signal conditioningcircuit 112 a, a differential signal conditioning circuit 112 b, and anantenna 122.

The single-ended signal conditioning circuit 112 a includes asingle-ended transmit/receive (T/R) switch 115 a, a single-ended poweramplifier 121 a, and a single-ended low noise amplifier 111 a. Thesingle-ended signal conditioning circuit 112 a is connected to thesignal feed 123 of the antenna 122, and is used to provide asingle-ended RF transmit signal of frequency F₁ to the signal feed 123or to receive a single-ended RF receive signal of frequency F₁ from thesignal feed 123.

With continuing reference to FIG. 5C, the differential signalconditioning circuit 112 b includes a differential T/R switch 115 b, adifferential power amplifier 121 b, and a differential low noiseamplifier 111 b. The differential signal conditioning circuit 112 b isconnected to the signal feeds 124 a/124 b of the antenna 122, and isused to provide a differential RF transmit signal of frequency F₂ to thesignal feeds 124 a/124 b or to receive a differential RF receive signalof frequency F₂ from the signal feeds 124 a/124 b.

The antenna 122 is implemented for both single-ended transmission andreception of RF signals of frequency F₁ using the signal feed 123 anddifferential transmission and reception of RF signals of frequency F₂using the signal feeds 124 a/124 b. Such transmissions and receptionsusing F₁ and F₂ can be overlapping in time (for example, simultaneous)in some embodiments. For example, the antenna 122 can allow receiving inone band (F₁ or F₂) while transmitting in the other band (F₁ or F₂)simultaneously as the differential signal cancels common modeinterference.

FIG. 5D is a schematic diagram of an antenna system 125′″ according toanother embodiment. The antenna system 125′″ includes a single-endedhorizontal polarization signal conditioning circuit 112 ah, asingle-ended vertical polarization signal conditioning circuit 112 av, adifferential horizontal polarization signal conditioning circuit 112 bh,a differential vertical polarization signal conditioning circuit 112 bv,and an antenna 122′.

In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna 122′ includes a signal feed123 v for single-ended vertical polarization, a signal feed 123 h forsingle-ended horizontal polarization, signal feeds 124 av/124 bv fordifferential vertical polarization, and signal feeds 124 ah/124 bh fordifferential horizontal polarization. Additionally, single-ended signalconditioning circuits for both horizontal and vertical polarizations areincluded, and differential signal conditioning circuits for bothhorizontal and vertical polarizations are included.

Any of the embodiments herein can be implemented to include signal feedsand signal conditioning circuits for handling multiple antennapolarizations.

FIG. 5E is a schematic diagram of an antenna system 129 according toanother embodiment.

The antenna system 129 includes an m by n patch antenna array includingpatch antennas 126 aa, 126 ab, . . . 126 an, 126 ba, 126 bb, . . . 126bn, . . . 126 ma, 126 mb, . . . 126 mn. Additionally, the antenna system129 further includes single-ended signal conditioning circuits 127 aa 1,127 ab 1, . . . 127 an 1, 127 ba 1, 127 bb 1, . . . 127 bn 1, . . . 127ma 1, 127 mb 1, . . . 127 mn 1 for conditioning singled-ended RF signalsof a first frequency provided to or received from respective antennas ofthe patch antenna array. Furthermore, the antenna system 129 furtherincludes differential signal conditioning circuits 127 aa 2, 127 ab 2, .. . 127 an 2, 127 ba 2, 127 bb 2, . . . 127 bn 2, . . . 127 ma 2, 127 mb2, . . . 127 mn 2 for conditioning differential RF signals of a secondfrequency provided to or received from respective antennas of the patchantenna array.

The single-ended signal conditioning circuits 127 aa 1, 127 ab 1, . . .127 an 1, 127 ba 1, 127 bb 1, . . . 127 bn 1, . . . 127 ma 1, 127 mb 1,. . . 127 mn 1 can include T/R switches, power amplifiers, and/or lownoise amplifiers. Likewise, the differential signal conditioningcircuits 127 aa 2, 127 ab 2, . . . 127 an 2, 127 ba 2, 127 bb 2, . . .127 bn 2, . . . 127 ma 2, 127 mb 2, . . . 127 mn 2 can include T/Rswitches, power amplifiers, and/or low noise amplifiers. Thus, thesignal conditioning circuits can be implemented using any of theconfigurations of FIGS. 5A-5D.

In certain embodiments, the antenna system 129 can be used forbeamforming a first beam of a first frequency and a second beam of asecond frequency using the antenna array. For example, as shown in FIG.5E, the antenna system 129 further includes controllable gain/phaseadjustment circuits for providing gain control and phase control foreach RF channel using for beamforming. For example, the antenna system129 includes controllable gain/phase adjustment circuits 128 aa 1, 128ab 1, . . . 128 an 1, 128 ba 1, 128 bb 1, . . . 128 bn 1, . . . 128 ma1, 128 mb 1, . . . 128 mn 1 for providing gain and/or phase control ofeach of the singled-ended RF signals. Additionally, the antenna system129 includes controllable gain/phase adjustment circuits 128 aa 2, 128ab 2, . . . 128 an 2, 128 ba 2, 128 bb 2, . . . 128 bn 2, . . . 128 ma2, 128 mb 2, . . . 128 mn 2 for providing gain and/or phase control ofeach of the differential RF signals.

FIG. 5F is a schematic diagram of an antenna system 190 according toanother embodiment. The antenna system 190 includes a patch antenna 181,a dual single-pole double-throw (dual SP2T) switch 182, a differentialpower amplifier 183, a differential low noise amplifier 184, a low bandtransmitter 185, a low band receiver 186, a SP2T switch 192, asingle-ended power amplifier 193, a single-ended low noise amplifier194, a high band transmitter 195, and a high band receiver 196.

Although the antenna system 190 of FIG. 5F includes a single patchantenna, additional patch antennas and corresponding circuits can beincluded. For example, the patch antenna 181 can be part of a largerantenna array, with signal conditioning circuits included for eachpatch. Moreover, the antenna system 190 can be adapted to operate usingmultiple polarizations.

In the illustrated embodiment, the patch antenna 181 is common to both alow band and a high band. However, the teachings here are alsoapplicable to coupled patch antennas (a pair of patch antennaselectromagnetically coupled to one another) in which the low band istransmitted and received on one patch antenna and the high band istransmitted and received on the other patch antenna.

In the illustrated embodiment, the low band is communicated on the patchantenna 181 using differential signal feeds while the high band iscommunicated on the patch antenna 181 using a single-ended signal feed.In another embodiment, the high band is communicated on the patchantenna 181 using differential signal feeds while the low band iscommunicated on the patch antenna 181 using a single-ended signal feed.

The antenna system 190 advantageously allows for simultaneous low bandtransmit and high band receive or simultaneous low band receive and highband transmit. Furthermore, when using multiple channels and patchantennas for beamforming, separate steering for each band is enabled.

Furthermore, the antenna system 190 helps mitigate high band receivedefense from the H2 transmit interference. Moreover the antenna system190 reduces the impact of the high band power amplifier load beingpulled by H2 transmit interference from the low band power amplifier.Additionally, load variation of the low band power amplifier arisingfrom H2 termination is mitigated.

FIG. 5G is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an antenna array 210for an antenna system.

The antenna array 210 includes a first low band patch antenna 201 a, asecond low band patch antenna 201 b, a third low band patch antenna 201c, and a fourth low band patch antenna 201 d arranged as a 1×4 low bandpatch antenna array with adjacent antenna elements spaced apart by halfthe low band wavelength (λ/2 LB). Additionally, the antenna array 210includes a 2×8 high band patch antenna array that is coupled to the 1×4low band patch antenna array and that that includes adjacent antennaelements spaced apart by half the high band wavelength (λ/2 HB).Additionally, four high band patch antenna elements are coupled to acorresponding low band patch antenna element. For example, high bandpatch antenna elements 202 a/202 b/202 i/202 j are coupled to low bandpatch antenna element 201 a, high band patch antenna elements 202 c/202d/202 k/2021 k are coupled to low band patch antenna element 201 b, highband patch antenna elements 202 e/202 f/202 m/202 n are coupled to lowband patch antenna element 201 c, and high band patch antenna elements202 g/202 h/202 o/202 p are coupled to low band patch antenna element201 d.

In certain embodiments, the low band patch antenna array is formed onone side of a substrate, and the high band patch antenna array is formedon an opposite side of the substrate.

FIG. 5H is a schematic diagram of an antenna system 220 according toanother embodiment.

In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna system 220 includes anantenna that is implemented as a low band patch antenna element 201 athat is coupled to a 2×2 array of high band patch antenna elements 202a/202 b/202 c/202 d. In certain implementations, the 2×2 array of highband patch antenna elements 202 a/202 b/202 c/202 d is formed on oneside of a substrate (for example, a module substrate), and the low bandpatch antenna element 201 a is formed on an opposite side of the modulesubstrate. Furthermore, the module can include a semiconductor dieincluding signal conditioning circuits and/or other circuit components.The depicted antenna elements and corresponding circuit components canbe replicated to form a larger antenna array.

The antenna system 220 further includes a vertical polarization low bandtransmit/receive (LB T/R) circuit 211 v coupled to the low band patchantenna element 201 a and a horizontal polarization LB T/R circuit 211 hcoupled to the low band patch antenna element 201 a. Each LB T/R circuitcan include a T/R switch, a power amplifier, and a low noise amplifierfor handling LB transmit and receive signals.

With continuing reference to FIG. 5H, the antenna system 220 furtherincludes a vertical polarization high band transmit/receive (HB T/R)circuit 212 av coupled to the first high band patch antenna element 202a and a horizontal polarization HB T/R circuit 212 ah coupled to thefirst high band patch antenna element 202 a. Additionally, the antennasystem 220 further includes a vertical polarization HB T/R circuit 212bv coupled to the second high band patch antenna element 202 b and ahorizontal polarization HB T/R circuit 212 bh coupled to the second highband patch antenna element 202 b. Furthermore, the antenna system 220further includes a vertical polarization HB T/R circuit 212 cv coupledto the third high band patch antenna element 202 c and a horizontalpolarization HB T/R circuit 212 ch coupled to the third high band patchantenna element 202 c. Additionally, the antenna system 220 furtherincludes a vertical polarization HB T/R circuit 212 dv coupled to thefourth high band patch antenna element 202 d and a horizontalpolarization HB T/R circuit 212 dh coupled to the fourth high band patchantenna element 202 d.

In certain implementations, the LB patch antenna element 201 a isimplemented with single-ended signal feeds that interface with the LBT/R circuits over a single-ended interface, while the HB patch antennaelements 202 a/202 b/202 c/202 d are implemented with differentialsignal feeds that interface with HB T/R circuits over a differentialinterface. However, in other implementations, the LB patch antennaelement 201 a is implemented with differential signal feeds thatinterface with LB T/R circuits over a differential interface, while theHB patch antenna elements 202 a/202 b/202 c/202 d are implemented withsingle-ended signal feeds that interface with the HB T/R circuits over asingle-ended interface.

FIG. 6A is a perspective view of one embodiment of a module 140 thatoperates with beamforming. FIG. 6B is a cross-section of the module 140of FIG. 6A taken along the lines 6B-6B.

The module 140 includes a laminated substrate or laminate 141, asemiconductor die or IC 142, surface mount components 143, and anantenna array including patch antenna elements 151-166. The module 140can be implemented in accordance with any of the embodiments herein. Forexample, the IC 142 can include single-ended power amplifiers anddifferential power amplifiers for driving the patch antenna elements151-166 in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 5D. The IC 142 canfurther include gain and phase control circuits associated with thepower amplifiers.

Although one embodiment of a module is shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, theteachings herein are applicable to modules implemented in a wide varietyof ways. For example, a module can include a different arrangement ofand/or number of antenna elements, dies, and/or surface mountcomponents. Additionally, the module 140 can include additionalstructures and components including, but not limited to, encapsulationstructures, shielding structures, and/or wirebonds.

In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna elements 151-166 are formedon a first surface of the laminate 141, and can be used to transmitand/or receive signals. Although the illustrated antenna elements151-166 are rectangular, the antenna elements 151-166 can be shaped inother ways. Additionally, although a 4×4 array of antenna elements isshown, more or fewer antenna elements can be provided. Moreover, antennaelements can be arrayed in other patterns or configurations.Furthermore, in another embodiment, multiple antenna arrays areprovided, such as separate antenna arrays for transmit and receiveand/or multiple antenna arrays for MIMO and/or switched diversity.

In certain implementations, the antenna elements 151-166 are implementedas patch antennas. A patch antenna can include a planar antenna elementpositioned over a ground plane. A patch antenna can have a relativelythin profile and exhibit robust mechanical strength. In certainconfigurations, the antenna elements 151-166 are implemented as patchantennas with planar antenna elements formed on the first surface of thelaminate 141 and the ground plane formed using an internal conductivelayer of the laminate 141.

Although an example with patch antennas is shown, a modulate can includeany suitable antenna elements, including, but not limited to, patchantennas, dipole antennas, ceramic resonators, stamped metal antennas,and/or laser direct structuring antennas.

In the illustrated embodiment, the IC 142 and the surface mountcomponents 143 are on a second surface of the laminate 141 opposite thefirst surface.

In certain implementations, the IC 142 includes signal conditioningcircuits associated with the antenna elements 151-166. In oneembodiment, the IC 142 includes a serial interface, such as a mobileindustry processor interface radio frequency front-end (MIPI RFFE) busand/or inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus that receives data forcontrolling the signal conditioning circuits, such as the amount ofphase shifting provided by phase shifters. In another embodiment, the IC142 includes signal conditioning circuits associated with the antennaelements 151-166 and an integrated transceiver.

The laminate 141 can be implemented in a variety of ways, and caninclude for example, conductive layers, dielectric layers, solder masks,and/or other structures. The number of layers, layer thicknesses, andmaterials used to form the layers can be selected based on a widevariety of factors, which can vary with application. The laminate 141can include vias for providing electrical connections to signal feedsand/or ground feeds of the antenna elements 151-166. For example, incertain implementations, vias can aid in providing electricalconnections between signaling conditioning circuits of the IC 142 andcorresponding antenna elements.

The module 140 can be included in a communication system, such as amobile phone or base station. In one example, the module 140 is attachedto a phone board of a mobile phone.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a mobile device 800.The mobile device 800 includes a baseband system 801, a transceiver 802,a front end system 803, antennas 804, a power management system 805, amemory 806, a user interface 807, and a battery 808.

The mobile device 800 can be used communicate using a wide variety ofcommunications technologies, including, but not limited to, 2G, 3G, 4G(including LTE, LTE-Advanced, and LTE-Advanced Pro), 5G NR, WLAN (forinstance, WiFi), WPAN (for instance, Bluetooth and ZigBee), WMAN (forinstance, WiMax), and/or GPS technologies.

The transceiver 802 generates RF signals for transmission and processesincoming RF signals received from the antennas 804. It will beunderstood that various functionalities associated with the transmissionand receiving of RF signals can be achieved by one or more componentsthat are collectively represented in FIG. 7 as the transceiver 802. Inone example, separate components (for instance, separate circuits ordies) can be provided for handling certain types of RF signals.

The front end system 803 aids in conditioning signals transmitted toand/or received from the antennas 804. In the illustrated embodiment,the front end system 803 includes antenna tuning circuitry 810, poweramplifiers (PAs) 811, low noise amplifiers (LNAs) 812, filters 813,switches 814, and signal splitting/combining circuitry 815. However,other implementations are possible.

For example, the front end system 803 can provide a number offunctionalities, including, but not limited to, amplifying signals fortransmission, amplifying received signals, filtering signals, switchingbetween different bands, switching between different power modes,switching between transmission and receiving modes, duplexing ofsignals, multiplexing of signals (for instance, diplexing ortriplexing), or some combination thereof.

In certain implementations, the mobile device 800 supports carrieraggregation, thereby providing flexibility to increase peak data rates.Carrier aggregation can be used for both Frequency Division Duplexing(FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD), and may be used to aggregate aplurality of carriers or channels. Carrier aggregation includescontiguous aggregation, in which contiguous carriers within the sameoperating frequency band are aggregated. Carrier aggregation can also benon-contiguous, and can include carriers separated in frequency within acommon band or in different bands.

The antennas 804 can include antennas used for a wide variety of typesof communications. For example, the antennas 804 can include antennasfor transmitting and/or receiving signals associated with a wide varietyof frequencies and communications standards.

In certain implementations, the antennas 804 support MIMO communicationsand/or switched diversity communications. For example, MIMOcommunications use multiple antennas for communicating multiple datastreams over a single radio frequency channel. MIMO communicationsbenefit from higher signal to noise ratio, improved coding, and/orreduced signal interference due to spatial multiplexing differences ofthe radio environment. Switched diversity refers to communications inwhich a particular antenna is selected for operation at a particulartime. For example, a switch can be used to select a particular antennafrom a group of antennas based on a variety of factors, such as anobserved bit error rate and/or a signal strength indicator.

The mobile device 800 can operate with beamforming in certainimplementations. For example, the front end system 803 can includeamplifiers having controllable gain and phase shifters havingcontrollable phase to provide beam formation and directivity fortransmission and/or reception of signals using the antennas 804. Forexample, in the context of signal transmission, the amplitude and phasesof the transmit signals provided to the antennas 804 are controlled suchthat radiated signals from the antennas 804 combine using constructiveand destructive interference to generate an aggregate transmit signalexhibiting beam-like qualities with more signal strength propagating ina given direction. In the context of signal reception, the amplitude andphases are controlled such that more signal energy is received when thesignal is arriving to the antennas 804 from a particular direction. Incertain implementations, the antennas 804 include one or more arrays ofantenna elements to enhance beamforming.

The baseband system 801 is coupled to the user interface 807 tofacilitate processing of various user input and output (I/O), such asvoice and data. The baseband system 801 provides the transceiver 802with digital representations of transmit signals, which the transceiver802 processes to generate RF signals for transmission. The basebandsystem 801 also processes digital representations of received signalsprovided by the transceiver 802. As shown in FIG. 7, the baseband system801 is coupled to the memory 806 of facilitate operation of the mobiledevice 800.

The memory 806 can be used for a wide variety of purposes, such asstoring data and/or instructions to facilitate the operation of themobile device 800 and/or to provide storage of user information.

The power management system 805 provides a number of power managementfunctions of the mobile device 800. In certain implementations, thepower management system 805 includes a PA supply control circuit thatcontrols the supply voltages of the power amplifiers 811. For example,the power management system 805 can be configured to change the supplyvoltage(s) provided to one or more of the power amplifiers 811 toimprove efficiency, such as power added efficiency (PAE).

As shown in FIG. 7, the power management system 805 receives a batteryvoltage from the battery 808. The battery 808 can be any suitablebattery for use in the mobile device 800, including, for example, alithium-ion battery.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a power amplifier system 860 accordingto one embodiment. The illustrated power amplifier system 860 includes abaseband processor 841, a transmitter/observation receiver 842, a poweramplifier (PA) 843, a directional coupler 844, front-end circuitry 845,an antenna 846, a PA bias control circuit 847, and a PA supply controlcircuit 848. The illustrated transmitter/observation receiver 842includes an I/Q modulator 857, a mixer 858, and an analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC) 859. In certain implementations, thetransmitter/observation receiver 842 is incorporated into a transceiver.

The baseband processor 841 can be used to generate an in-phase (I)signal and a quadrature-phase (Q) signal, which can be used to representa sinusoidal wave or signal of a desired amplitude, frequency, andphase. For example, the I signal can be used to represent an in-phasecomponent of the sinusoidal wave and the Q signal can be used torepresent a quadrature-phase component of the sinusoidal wave, which canbe an equivalent representation of the sinusoidal wave. In certainimplementations, the I and Q signals can be provided to the I/Qmodulator 857 in a digital format. The baseband processor 841 can be anysuitable processor configured to process a baseband signal. Forinstance, the baseband processor 841 can include a digital signalprocessor, a microprocessor, a programmable core, or any combinationthereof. Moreover, in some implementations, two or more basebandprocessors 841 can be included in the power amplifier system 860.

The I/Q modulator 857 can be configured to receive the I and Q signalsfrom the baseband processor 841 and to process the I and Q signals togenerate an RF signal. For example, the I/Q modulator 857 can includedigital-to-analog converters (DACs) configured to convert the I and Qsignals into an analog format, mixers for upconverting the I and Qsignals to RF, and a signal combiner for combining the upconverted I andQ signals into an RF signal suitable for amplification by the poweramplifier 843. In certain implementations, the I/Q modulator 857 caninclude one or more filters configured to filter frequency content ofsignals processed therein.

The power amplifier 843 can receive the RF signal from the I/Q modulator857, and when enabled can provide an amplified RF signal to the antenna846 via the front-end circuitry 845.

The front-end circuitry 845 can be implemented in a wide variety ofways. In one example, the front-end circuitry 845 includes one or moreswitches, filters, duplexers, multiplexers, and/or other components. Inanother example, the front-end circuitry 845 is omitted in favor of thepower amplifier 843 providing the amplified RF signal directly to theantenna 846.

The directional coupler 844 senses an output signal of the poweramplifier 823. Additionally, the sensed output signal from thedirectional coupler 844 is provided to the mixer 858, which multipliesthe sensed output signal by a reference signal of a controlledfrequency. The mixer 858 operates to generate a downshifted signal bydownshifting the sensed output signal's frequency content. Thedownshifted signal can be provided to the ADC 859, which can convert thedownshifted signal to a digital format suitable for processing by thebaseband processor 841. Including a feedback path from the output of thepower amplifier 843 to the baseband processor 841 can provide a numberof advantages. For example, implementing the baseband processor 841 inthis manner can aid in providing power control, compensating fortransmitter impairments, and/or in performing digital pre-distortion(DPD). Although one example of a sensing path for a power amplifier isshown, other implementations are possible.

The PA supply control circuit 848 receives a power control signal fromthe baseband processor 841, and controls supply voltages of the poweramplifier 843. In the illustrated configuration, the PA supply controlcircuit 848 generates a first supply voltage V_(CC1) for powering aninput stage of the power amplifier 843 and a second supply voltageV_(CC2) for powering an output stage of the power amplifier 843. The PAsupply control circuit 848 can control the voltage level of the firstsupply voltage V_(CC1) and/or the second supply voltage V_(CC2) toenhance the power amplifier system's PAE.

The PA supply control circuit 848 can employ various power managementtechniques to change the voltage level of one or more of the supplyvoltages over time to improve the power amplifier's power addedefficiency (PAE), thereby reducing power dissipation.

One technique for improving efficiency of a power amplifier is averagepower tracking (APT), in which a DC-to-DC converter is used to generatea supply voltage for a power amplifier based on the power amplifier'saverage output power. Another technique for improving efficiency of apower amplifier is envelope tracking (ET), in which a supply voltage ofthe power amplifier is controlled in relation to the envelope of the RFsignal. Thus, when a voltage level of the envelope of the RF signalincreases the voltage level of the power amplifier's supply voltage canbe increased. Likewise, when the voltage level of the envelope of the RFsignal decreases the voltage level of the power amplifier's supplyvoltage can be decreased to reduce power consumption.

In certain configurations, the PA supply control circuit 848 is amulti-mode supply control circuit that can operate in multiple supplycontrol modes including an APT mode and an ET mode. For example, thepower control signal from the baseband processor 841 can instruct the PAsupply control circuit 848 to operate in a particular supply controlmode.

As shown in FIG. 8, the PA bias control circuit 847 receives a biascontrol signal from the baseband processor 841, and generates biascontrol signals for the power amplifier 843. In the illustratedconfiguration, the bias control circuit 847 generates bias controlsignals for both an input stage of the power amplifier 843 and an outputstage of the power amplifier 843. However, other implementations arepossible.

Applications

Some of the embodiments described above have provided examples inconnection with wireless devices or mobile phones. However, theprinciples and advantages of the embodiments can be used for any othersystems or apparatus that have needs for antenna systems.

Such antenna systems can be implemented in various electronic devices.Examples of the electronic devices can include, but are not limited to,consumer electronic products, parts of the consumer electronic products,electronic test equipment, etc. Examples of the electronic devices canalso include, but are not limited to, memory chips, memory modules,circuits of optical networks or other communication networks, and diskdriver circuits. The consumer electronic products can include, but arenot limited to, a mobile phone, a telephone, a television, a computermonitor, a computer, a hand-held computer, a personal digital assistant(PDA), a microwave, a refrigerator, an automobile, a stereo system, acassette recorder or player, a DVD player, a CD player, a VCR, an MP3player, a radio, a camcorder, a camera, a digital camera, a portablememory chip, a washer, a dryer, a washer/dryer, a copier, a facsimilemachine, a scanner, a multi-functional peripheral device, a wrist watch,a clock, etc. Further, the electronic devices can include unfinishedproducts.

CONCLUSION

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of“including, but not limited to.” The word “coupled”, as generally usedherein, refers to two or more elements that may be either directlyconnected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements.Likewise, the word “connected”, as generally used herein, refers to twoor more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected byway of one or more intermediate elements. Additionally, the words“herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used inthis application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not toany particular portions of this application. Where the context permits,words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or pluralnumber may also include the plural or singular number respectively. Theword “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word coversall of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items inthe list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the itemsin the list.

Moreover, conditional language used herein, such as, among others,“may,” “could,” “might,” “can,” “e.g.,” “for example,” “such as” and thelike, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understoodwithin the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certainembodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certainfeatures, elements and/or states. Thus, such conditional language is notgenerally intended to imply that features, elements and/or states are inany way required for one or more embodiments or that one or moreembodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or withoutauthor input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/orstates are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

The above detailed description of embodiments of the invention is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formdisclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, theinvention are described above for illustrative purposes, variousequivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention,as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, whileprocesses or blocks are presented in a given order, alternativeembodiments may perform routines having steps, or employ systems havingblocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may bedeleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified. Each ofthese processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of differentways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as beingperformed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performedin parallel, or may be performed at different times.

The teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to othersystems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements andacts of the various embodiments described above can be combined toprovide further embodiments.

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, theseembodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are notintended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methodsand systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of otherforms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in theform of the methods and systems described herein may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit of the disclosure. The accompanying claims andtheir equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications aswould fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A mobile device comprising: a front end systemincluding a first radio frequency signal conditioning circuit configuredto condition a first radio frequency signal that is single-ended and ofa first frequency, and a second radio frequency signal conditioningcircuit configured to condition a second radio frequency signal that isdifferential and of a second frequency; and an antenna including a firstsignal feed connected to the first radio frequency signal conditioningcircuit and a pair of second signal feeds connected to the second radiofrequency signal conditioning circuit.
 2. The mobile device of claim 1wherein the first frequency is harmonically related to the secondfrequency.
 3. The mobile device of claim 2 wherein the first frequencyand the second frequency are related by an even harmonic.
 4. The mobiledevice of claim 1 wherein the antenna includes a patch antenna elementincluding both the first signal feed and the pair of second signalfeeds.
 5. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the antenna includes afirst patch antenna element including the first signal feed and a secondpatch antenna element coupled to the first patch antenna element andincluding the pair of second signal feeds.
 6. The mobile device of claim1 wherein the first signal conditioning circuit includes a low noiseamplifier configured to receive the first radio frequency signal fromthe first signal feed of the antenna, and the second signal conditioningcircuit includes a power amplifier configured to provide the secondradio frequency signal to the pair of second signal feeds of theantenna.
 7. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the first signalconditioning circuit includes a power amplifier configured to providethe first radio frequency signal to the first signal feed of theantenna, and the second signal conditioning circuit includes a low noiseamplifier configured to receive the second radio frequency signal fromthe pair of second signal feeds of the antenna.
 8. The mobile device ofclaim 1 further comprising an antenna array including the antenna, thefront end system further including a first plurality of signalconditioning circuits including the first signal conditioning circuitand a second plurality of signal conditioning circuits including thesecond signal conditioning circuit, the first plurality of signalconditioning circuits configured to provide beamforming on the firstfrequency and the second plurality of signal conditioning circuitsconfigured to provide beamforming on the second frequency.
 9. The mobiledevice of claim 1 wherein the front end system further includes a firstcontrollable gain and phase adjustment circuit configured to control again and a phase of the first radio frequency signal, and a secondcontrollable gain and phase adjustment circuit configured to control again and a phase of the second radio frequency signal.
 10. An antennasystem for a mobile device, the antenna system comprising: a first radiofrequency signal conditioning circuit configured to condition a firstradio frequency signal that is single-ended and of a first frequency; asecond radio frequency signal conditioning circuit configured tocondition second radio frequency signal that is differential and of asecond frequency; and an antenna including a first signal feed connectedto the first radio frequency signal conditioning circuit and a pair ofsecond signal feeds connected to the second radio frequency signalconditioning circuit.
 11. The antenna system of claim 10 wherein thefirst frequency is harmonically related to the second frequency.
 12. Theantenna system of claim 11 wherein the first frequency and the secondfrequency are related by an even harmonic.
 13. The antenna system ofclaim 10 wherein the antenna includes a patch antenna element includingboth the first signal feed and the pair of second signal feeds.
 14. Theantenna system of claim 10 wherein the antenna includes a first patchantenna element including the first signal feed and a second patchantenna element coupled to the first patch antenna element and includingthe pair of second signal feeds.
 15. The antenna system of claim 10wherein the first signal conditioning circuit includes a low noiseamplifier configured to receive the first radio frequency signal fromthe first signal feed of the antenna, and the second signal conditioningcircuit includes a power amplifier configured to provide the secondradio frequency signal to the pair of second signal feeds of theantenna.
 16. The antenna system of claim 10 wherein the first signalconditioning circuit includes a power amplifier configured to providethe first radio frequency signal to the first signal feed of theantenna, and the second signal conditioning circuit includes a low noiseamplifier configured to receive the second radio frequency signal fromthe pair of second signal feeds of the antenna.
 17. A method of wirelesscommunication in a mobile device, the method comprising: conditioning afirst radio frequency signal that is single-ended and of a firstfrequency using a first radio frequency signal conditioning circuit;conditioning a second radio frequency signal that is differential and ofa second frequency using a second radio frequency signal conditioningcircuit; handling the first radio frequency signal using a first signalfeed of an antenna; and handling the second radio frequency signal usinga pair of second signal feeds of the antenna.
 18. The method of claim 17wherein the first frequency is harmonically related to the secondfrequency.
 19. The method of claim 17 further comprising simultaneouslytransmitting the first radio frequency signal and receiving the secondradio frequency signal.
 20. The method of claim 17 further comprisingsimultaneously receiving the first radio frequency signal andtransmitting the second radio frequency signal.